Volunteers spent the day and night On Saturday February 5th using a range of techniques to see what living things could be found. From the day a whopping 428 observations were added to the Tarra-Bulga National Park project on the citizen science website www.iNaturalist.org. A number of plant and fungi species were recorded, but the vast majority of records were for an amazing array of insects and other invertebrates. Many finds that were uploaded to the website are still to be identified but so far, we can confirm that we have recorded at least 215 different species for the day, roughly 60 of them had never previously been recorded at Tarra-Bulga.
The day’s focus was mainly on invertebrates, other planned activities for the year aim to add to the flora and fauna records for the park, these include a fungi foray in May, a mid-winter walk looking at ferns and mosses, and a plant identification day as well as bird survey in spring. As well as these activities, Friends of Tarra-Bulga hold regular working bees and are always on the lookout for people interested in joining our crew of volunteers that staff the park Visitor Centre.
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Megalopsalis stewartia – A HarvestmanEusthenia venosa (Stonefly)Telephlebia brevicauda – Southern Evening Darner (dragonfly)Circopetes obtusata – Grey Twisted MothXenomusa monoda – Caterpillar that feeds on Austral Mulberry bushes
Eupithecia aphanes – Very rare species – very few previous records for VictoriaAustrosaropogon nigrinus – (A Robber Fly) Tipuloidea spp. (Cranefly)Only one mammal was recorded on the day – (This Koala)Archephanes zalosema – A moth, its caterpillars feed on Mountain PepperMusotima nitidalis (Golden Brown Fern-moth)
The following Table shows the range of lifeforms we recorded on the day.
Overall total number of species sightings – all cameras
2012
2013
2014
2015
Antechinus
79
106
86
59
Bassian Thrush
198
198
934
719
Brown Gerygone
0
0
1
2
Brown Thornbill
0
3
0
5
Brush Bronzewing
3
21
590
1356
Common Blackbird
27
16
183
145
Common Bronzewing
0
1
5
0
Common Brushtail Possum
75
13
0
5
Crimson Rosella
7
8
284
5
Cuckoo Fantailed
0
0
0
2
Dog
0
1
1
0
Eastern Whipbird
31
20
143
137
Eastern Yellow Robin
3
4
11
12
Echidna
24
24
63
107
Fantail, Grey
0
3
0
0
Fantail, Rufous
3
3
7
0
Feral Cat
24
49
95
99
Fox
191
323
336
140
Grey Currawong
7
16
23
7
Grey Shrike-Thrush
3
3
8
0
Human
0
0
1
0
Koala
3
14
118
75
Kookaburra
0
9
4
17
Large Billed Scrubwren
0
0
0
2
Long Nosed Bandicoot
287
119
270
652
Lyrebird
486
902
1809
973
Magpie
3
0
0
0
Mountain Brushtail Possum
181
235
243
289
Olive Whistler
7
15
7
10
Pied Currawong
3
6
10
8
Pilotbird
21
50
136
217
Rabbit
191
58
34
90
Rattus Species
120
213
222
189
Raven Species
0
1
4
0
Ring-tailed Possum
7
85
29
67
Satin Bowerbird
21
8
3
5
Sugar Glider
0
4
1
0
Superb Fairy-wren
3
5
66
7
Swamp Wallaby
749
1382
1112
677
Tawny Frogmouth
0
0
3
0
Wedge-tailed Eagle
3
0
0
0
White-browed Scrubwren
89
71
264
130
White Throated Tree-creeper
0
0
4
3
Wombat
202
234
176
130
Without any advanced statistical scrutiny strong trends include:Our remote camera monitoring has now reached four solid years of records. Although not a flawless scientifically planned project there are still be some interesting developments. The table above shows the total sightings of each species combined across all of the camera sites. There are many variables in these results, the main one being that cameras have been moved around different habitats at different times, so have not constantly been in the one place.
A massive rise in the number of Brush Bronzewings every year.
A rise in the number of other ground dwelling bird species including Bassian Thrushes, Pilotbirds, Eastern Whipbirds and Common Blackbirds.
An increase in the number of Long-nosed Bandicoots (although this may be explained by moving cameras to areas where habitat is more suitable).
Crimson Rosellas had a huge spike in numbers in 2014 (maybe because there was a lot of wattle seed on the ground?)
An upward trend in Echidna and Feral Cat numbers.
A drop in Fox numbers in 2015.
2014 had double the amount of Lyrebird sightings than other years.
Several cameras have been left in the same spot for several years and it is possible to compare the results of these sites with the overall figures.
Site: Tarra Bulga – North East
Habitat: Mountain Ash forest with an open understorey consisting of scattered shrubs, ferns and grasses:
Species
2013
2014
2015
Antechinus
0
23
3
Bassian Thrush
36
298
209
Brown Gerygone
0
1
0
Brush Bronzewing
1
121
102
Common Blackbird
5
103
41
Common Bronzewing
1
0
0
Eastern Whipbird
4
79
98
Eastern Yellow Robin
0
1
2
Echidna
5
8
11
Fantail, Rufous
1
0
0
Feral Cat
3
6
16
Fox
40
68
17
Grey Currawong
1
0
0
Grey Shrike-Thrush
1
1
0
Koala
11
0
2
Long Nosed Bandicoot
38
13
8
Lyrebird
106
145
159
Mountain Brushtail Possum
8
10
16
Pied Currawong
2
0
0
Pilotbird
1
23
11
Rabbit
35
11
14
Rattus Species
10
44
65
Ring-tailed Possum
4
0
2
Satin Bowerbird
2
1
0
Swamp Wallaby
55
30
17
White Throated Tree-creeper
0
0
2
White-browed Scrubwren
3
39
24
Wombat
27
53
29
Site: West of Balook
Habitat – Forest with an open understorey, canopy consists of mature Silver Wattle.
Species
2013
2014
2015
Bassian Thrush
0
7
26
Brown Thornbill
0
0
1
Brush Bronzewing
10
45
272
Common Blackbird
6
5
1
Common Bronzewing
0
4
0
Crimson Rosella
0
122
3
Eastern Whipbird
1
0
6
Eastern Yellow Robin
0
1
2
Echidna
3
10
2
Fantail, Rufous
0
1
0
Feral Cat
27
22
17
Fox
64
111
53
Grey Currawong
3
5
1
Koala
0
79
30
Kookaburra
10
3
9
Long Nosed Bandicoot
17
0
3
Lyrebird
237
510
116
Mountain Brushtail Possum
46
11
7
Olive Whistler
0
0
1
Pied Currawong
1
4
3
Pilotbird
0
5
7
Rabbit
6
0
2
Raven Species
1
1
0
Rattus Species
0
0
1
Satin Bowerbird
0
0
2
Sugar Glider
0
1
0
Superb Fairy-wren
0
1
0
Swamp Wallaby
955
374
179
Tawny Frogmouth
0
2
0
White Throated Tree-creeper
0
1
0
White-browed Scrubwren
3
18
3
Wombat
54
16
20
Comments: The open nature of this site means it is less suited to small mammals. Popular site for Swamp Wallabies to congregate. Openness also suits many ground feeding birds scratching around or eating fallen seeds. Foxes and cats often pass through. Has been a Koala habitually passing the camera every few days between its favourite trees.
Site: Balook Area
Habitat: Open forest with regenerating Mountain Ash, Ferny understorey with some thick scrubby patches near by.
Species
2013
2014
2015
Antechinus
0
5
9
Bassian Thrush
9
276
222
Brush Bronzewing
0
101
303
Common Blackbird
0
38
65
Cuckoo Fantailed
0
0
1
Crimson Rosella
0
71
0
Dog
0
1
0
Eastern Whipbird
0
19
13
Eastern Yellow Robin
0
4
3
Echidna
4
1
2
Feral Cat
4
29
17
Fox
136
38
5
Grey Currawong
0
3
0
Grey Shrike-Thrush
0
1
0
Koala
0
3
2
Long Nosed Bandicoot
6
149
168
Lyrebird
123
145
45
Mountain Brushtail Possum
95
73
79
Olive Whistler
0
4
4
Pied Currawong
0
0
2
Pilotbird
2
51
117
Rabbit
17
14
45
Rattus Species
11
79
23
Ring-tailed Possum
19
0
1
Satin Bowerbird
6
0
1
Superb Fairy-wren
0
1
4
Swamp Wallaby
136
184
151
White-browed Scrubwren
0
19
21
Wombat
108
25
14
Comment: Good site for a diversity of species, some scrubby ground-cover in the area makes it a good spot for Bandicoots, with a high proportion of our Bandicoots sightings recorded here. Also good for introduced Common Blackbirds and Rabbits that like to hide in cover. Like other sites had a big spike in Crimson Rosella numbers in 2014. Interestingly large drop in Fox numbers.
Amazing how much of a routine Koalas get into. At a camera site we had been monitoring for over 12 months, we had never come across a Koala. In fact you wouldn’t really have expected one because it is in a regrowth area of Silver Wattle, with the nearest suitable Eucalypts quite a distance away. All of a sudden our camera location has become a point on a local Koalas new favourite path. Since late May it has been crossing by our camera on average every couple of days, all up a total of 24 times (and still counting).
It is interesting to click on and check out this photo gallery to see just how regular of a routine it has.
In February we placed a camera in a new site along the Grand Ridge Rd, in vegetation that was not typical old growth Mountain Ash forest, but rather sad looking regrowth scrub. As a result we didn’t have high expectations as to what fauna we’d find in this habitat. Surprisingly though it’s a very popular spot, especially with ground dwelling birds (must be lots of food) and we obtained some fantastic images. All up the camera was triggered on 165 separate occasions, see the table below for more details)
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Species
Sightings
Species
Sightings
Brush Bronzewing
36
Fox
3
Superb Lyrebird
22
Swamp Wallaby
2
White-browed Scrubwren
20
Echidna
2
Bassian Thrush
16
Koala
2
Pilotbird
13
Common Blackbird
2
Eastern Whipbird
7
Brushtail Possum
1
Superb Fairy-wren
7
Rufous Fantail
1
Wombat
4
In addition there were 26 birds that triggered the camera not able to be identified from the image quality to species level.
The Friends of Tarra Bulga hosted a very interesting and enjoyable day on Saturday when we welcomed a guest Dr. Kath Handasyde, who is a Senior Lecturer at Melbourne University and specialises in wildlife ecology, management and diseases. Starting with a yummy BBQ lunch we then proceeded into the visitors centre where Kath gave a fantastic insight into the management of Koala populations in South Eastern Australia.
Talk in the visitors centre
The major issues facing Victorian Koalas is overpopulation, this problem occurs mainly on island locations or in mainland areas where there were trans-locations or re-introductions into areas with isolated or fragmented habitat. In extreme cases in these locations habitat trees are being completely denuded with catastrophic consequences for not only the Koalas but for the whole ecology of these places. Kath outlined the success researchers have had in developing slow release hormonal implants that have been a successful contraceptive for females; it seems like where they have been applied to a sufficient percentage of the population that there has been some success in maintaining more sustainable Koala populations. Management of these crowded populations however is a very intensive process and while the contraceptive implants, make the process more efficient, it is a struggle to have enough management resources to keep up with the areas in crisis (e.g. Cape Otway).
Koala mother in a defoliated tree in at Cape Otway
It seems locally that we are lucky that our local Koala populations are not having over-population issues. We have a relatively low density of Koalas, thought to be because of the higher altitudes and cooler temperatures making it harder for Koalas (who can’t shelter in tree hollows like many other species) to consume enough energy to meet their needs. This probably means the local ones have a shorter life-span (a limiting factor on a Koala’s life is their teeth, when they have worn out they can no longer process enough food).
The quality of the local food is also thought to be a factor that controls the population. Manna Gums are not widespread and they rely mainly locally on species such as Mountain Grey Gum which possibly don’t have the same nutritional value. In the local region there are also fairly good linkages between habitat areas, meaning that populations can disperse successfully if crowding becomes an issue in one site. In some areas habitat linkages are mainly along roadside vegetation, meaning road deaths are common. The local population is also though to have greater genetic diversity than the rest of the state, so this should mean the population has greater resilience, although the animals in the rest of the state are still generally very hardy robust animals. Our monitoring program will also help to keep tabs on any changes in the local Koala population levels.
Local Koala Food Tree – Mountain Grey Gum
After the talks some of us headed out in convoy to the Tarra Falls car park and then did a loop walk starting by going up Diaper TK. At the start of the walk we unfortunately copped an instant onslaught of Leeches, but that was offset by the scenery and the two species of Bird Orchid in flower in the middle of the track. Kath used her all her spotting senses to discover some Koala droppings (Scats), but we did not get a live sighting today; not that surprising given that spotting is quite difficult given the tall towering trees and healthy canopy that make up the local habitat as well as the fact that we don’t have a high population density. All in all it was a great day, and a big thanks has to go out to Kath who made the big effort to come down here and share her extensive knowledge.
Technology today has made it super-easy to dig up fascinating old newspaper articles like this one below from the Argus in 1925. We would have to think that the author would be fairly astounded if they could step forward in time and visit the Tarra-Bulga today. What will it be like 88 years from now??
THE TARRA VALLEY.
When in 1840 Strzelecki led an expedition from New South Wales over Mount Kosciusko and through Gippsland to Corinella, on Westernport Bay one of the party was an Australian aborigine named Charley Tarra. The choice of this native was fortunate for in the latter part of the journey when food supplies were exhausted it was Charley Tarra’s prowess as a hunter that saved the party from starvation.
To such straits were they reduced to in the last 50 miles – and so wild and rough was the country that it took them 22 days to hew their way through the bush – that they lived almost wholly on the flesh of Koalas or native bears. A few months later when a party from Melbourne chartered a vessel to carry them to the newly discovered province, they took with them Charley Tarra, and when they, or rather some of them were cutting their through the tangled way undergrowth back towards Westernport Tarra’s gun frequently provided the hungry travelers with bear flesh. Which if not tasty, at any rate had food value, It was therefore fitting that Tarra’s name should be preserved in the nomenclature of the streams of Gippsland and, on a river rising in the hills 10 0r 12 miles from where the town of Yarram has since been built, and flowing through a wilderness of bush and fern trees, was bestowed the name of Tarra. It is not an imposing stream, and along most of its course the beautiful surroundings have vanished.
Making a Hill Road (Source: Monash University Centre for Gippsland Studies)
As one wanders in South Gippsland with its hundreds of bare hills or if not bare then covered only with dead eucalypts, or through the lower lands that have nearly all been devastated by fire, it is difficult to picture what this great territory was like when it was first explored, or even to visualise it as it was half a century ago. But a page or two of “the universal and public manuscript” that at one time was expanded to the eye of all can still be seen in the upper part of the valley through which the Tarra River flows. They are not unsullied pages, for every here and there one comes on patches of dead trees looking like phantoms of the surrounding living giants, with their marble like boles. On the hills and in the valleys, the fern trees rise above a tangled wilderness of blanket-wood, hazel, and other scrubs peculiar to the virgin mountain forests of Victoria. Far down in the main valley and in the trackless ways of the Tarra’s gully tributaries are bowers of myrtles of various sizes and conditions, some lithe and fresh others old and hung with lichens. Along the road over the hill big hearted settlers, in spite of great difficulties and discouragement, have built homes and cultivated little clearings.
Hill farm in the Tarra Valley – (Source: Monash Uni Gipps Studies)
In some cases, however, the odds have proved too tremendous, and scrub and bracken are almost hiding from view the abandoned homesteads. Near the top of the range where the Tarra River has its source is a timber mill, and though all the machinery is still there it seems a long while since the mill was in operation Scores of white logs mark an old timber trail now partly over grown with young scrub, and the bush is gradually creeping back around the mill and the timber-getters’ huts.
Car at Tarra Valley – Source: Monash Gipps Studies.
Near its source the scenery of the Tarra River is not surpassed by the beauty of any other valley in the State, but it is not likely to attract tourists. For the greater part of the year the road through it is almost impossible for motors, and there is too much stale, flat, and unprofitable country to be gone through to make the trip suitable for a walking tour. The bit of wild bush that is left is but a scrap of a mighty forest that 50 years ago covered South Gippsland, and this probably must ere long be destroyed and the name of the Tarra Valley be recorded only in the catalogue of things that were and cannot be again.
The Road Through Tarra Valley (Source: State Library of Victoria)
Since our remote camera project began around two years ago, we had only once photographed a Koala. These figures have now been boosted by 800% with a camera in the north east of Tarra Bulga National Park capturing a Koala eight times all on separate days over a period of about 7 weeks. Most sightings were in the early morning, but a few were in the evening. Another case luck with the camera being at the right place at the right time to film the comings and goings of the locals.